Maintaining populations and participating in reintroductions
Zoos participating in conservation efforts have a special role in preserving biodiversity: through breeding animals in human care, we can save endangered species that are at risk of disappearing from the wild. For many species, zoos have been their last refuge. Without zoos, species such as the European bison, California condor, black-footed ferret, Przewalski’s horse, and scimitar-horned oryx would have gone extinct.
Zoos help maintain the genetic diversity of endangered and rare species. Since space in zoos is limited and preserving species often requires hundreds of individuals, zoos form an international network that collectively manages animal populations. Species included in conservation programs are recorded in studbooks, and their breeding and transfers between zoos are regulated based on recommendations from species coordinators. These transfers help prevent inbreeding and ensure the genetic diversity of species.
A viable zoo population enables the reintroduction of animals into the wild in areas where they have disappeared or need population reinforcement. Restoring endangered or extinct wildlife populations is a long-term effort that requires cooperation between various conservation organizations and reintroductions over multiple generations.
Supporting conservation in the wild
Zoos support species conservation efforts in their natural habitats (in-situ) and are among the key financial contributors to wildlife conservation. These funds help establish new protected areas, hire anti-poaching patrols, combat the illegal pet trade, and promote environmental education to encourage local communities to better understand the significance of wildlife. Additionally, the expertise of zoo professionals can be utilized in field conservation efforts.
Scientific Research
Zoos contribute to research that benefits species conservation. Studying many species in the wild can be extremely challenging due to difficult terrain or the rarity of the species. In zoos, however, it is easier to study animal behavior, the effects of environmental conditions on activity levels, and breeding techniques that can aid in the conservation of endangered species. Research also enhances the well-being of zoo animals, for example by developing new forms of enrichment.
Environmental Education
Approximately 10% of the world’s population visits zoos each year. While learning about individual species and the threats they face, visitors are also introduced to broader environmental issues such as deforestation and the importance of biodiversity. During their visit, they gain insight into the value of biodiversity and are encouraged to act in ways that respect nature. Public outreach is also an essential part of this environmental education.
